Schematics of delabs

CD4538 is a dual Monostable Multivibrator. When you trigger the chip the output sends off one single pulse or one high-low event.

Mixed Circuits Analog with Digital

The T+ pin 4 of U1a is the positive edge trigger or raising edge trigger input, the T- pin 5 is falling edge or negative edge trigger input. Now see the image of the single pulse above which shows both the edges, If this is the input pulse at pin 5 then the falling edge turns the output pin 6 from low to high, this output remains high for time T = R2 * C1 and then goes low again, The output Q at pin 6 also looks like the image of pulse above.

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U1A LF353 opamp turns on a buzzer when the voltage at Test + falls very low indicating a short between Test + and Test - or a resistor less than 5 ohms. The R9-R14 divider determines the minimum voltage that can be at Test + for buzzer to just turn on.

AC conversion and continuity buzzer test

The Opamp here is a comparator and R10 10 Meg gives a very small hysteresis so that there is no oscillation at threshold levels, that is when both inputs at same levels.The Zener is for protection and R6 to limit current.

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This is a 9V power supply which will work even on power failure. It uses a rechargeable battery and regulators. A transformer with 15-0-15 AC volts output is required.

From my Power Electronic Circuits

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This was done in my early days, i have upgraded it, it ought to work, reduce the number of transistors to make it less sensitive, also a lower value in place of 10M will reduce its sensitivity, use clamping diodes to protect.

Circuits using only discrete devices

BD139 is used to drive the relay as it has good Ic. So you can even use a low ohm relay. If a Relay resistance is high its quality is higher, its power consumption is less and it needs thinner wire SWG-AWG. T2 and T3 form a darlington pair which drives T1. LED1 shows that the water level has reached the top of tank and also that the Relay is energized.

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When i had put the near Obsolete digital circuits online in the late nineties. One person who works in a public institution in the usa, wanted a modification of one of my existing circuits. He had those parts the CD40 Series Logic Chips. He wanted to use only those that he had in his Stock.

Digital Circuits 2 from delabs

I made some modifications and sent it to him, that helped him with his task. These things can be done very easily using an embedded microcontroller. One could make a programmable Timer/Counter with a matching Configuring Software without coding, for such people. Easy and Affordable. You could also make a pure digital chip by using a CPLD or FPGA, if that is affordable.

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