This is the standard configuration on how to Interface a uC like 8051 to PC RS232 with MAX232A. The UART or Serial port was not present in 8049/8749 chips which were the ancestors of 8051/8031. Pages of code were needed to make a software UART in MCS-48. The 8051 integrated the hardware UART and short commands made it tick. The most important innovation which made uC popular was the C in 80C31. C is for CMOS. This made the chip work cooler and work on even batteries and small power supplies.
80C51, SBC, Firmware and Circuits
The 8749 and 8751 are the UV EPROM type of uC. With limited erase/write cycles. The FLASH revolution changed every thing, you could update firmware over a phone line modem. Even without Ethernet, the firmware could be updated by making every embedded device a node on the EPABX. Now TCP/IP and Wi-Fi makes it all very easy.
LM331 is a Voltage-to-Frequency Converters and 74C926 is a 4 Digit Counter. The first part of the circuit converts the amplified DC analog value from a shunt to pulses. The Second counts the pulses and Displays it on a Seven segment LED display.
In Electroplating, the time taken will determine the plating thickness which is both related to cost and quality. More current also means more metal has been used so it has to be monitored to control and deliver cost effective electro plating quality.
Let us assume you have to Measure Amps and Volts in four independent circuits. This becomes a Multi Channel Voltmeter and Ammeter.
Instrumentation and Measurement Circuits
This circuit uses a 4052 as a DC Analog Multiplexer, the inputs to this Mux must be from Low Impedance Output OpAmps. The Resistors Shown are not needed once the Signal Conditioning Opamps are connected. The Restors can be 100K to keep the inputs from floating, that will not load an opamp. The resistors can attenuate signals if sensors are directly connected.
Measurement of resistor values in circuit configurations are required to be made often, as these might have changed in value due to various tolerance ranges, and hence could be the cause of faults. Likewise the resistance of components used in a circuit, may need to be known. In such cases the measurement of resistance is a must.
The circuit used for measurement of voltage can be modified to measure the value of the unknown resistance. The principle followed is the measurement of voltage drop across the resistance when a constant current flows through it. In the voltage measuring circuit, the unknown resistance is connected to the same input terminals and the switch SR is operated. Then a constant d.c. current from the collector of transistor T I is passed through resistor R16 to the unknown resistance which is grounded.
MeasureAll - Test and Measuring Instrument
The voltage drop across the unknown resistor is proportional to the value of the resistance as current is maintained constant. This d.c. voltage drop is measured after proper calibration.